甘肅2021年成考高起點《英語》復習資料總結
2021年成考高起點《英語》復習資料總結
可數名詞與不可數名詞
名詞分可數與不可數兩種。
可數名詞表示某類人或東西中的個體。如table,country。
或表示若干個體組成的集合體。如family,people,committee,police。
不可數名詞表示無法分為個體的實物。如air,tea,furniture,water。
或表示動作、狀態、品質、感情等抽象概念。如work,information,advice,happiness。
有些名詞在一種場合下是可數名詞,在另一種場合下是不可數名詞。
如room房間(可數),空間(不可數)
time時間(不可數),次數(可數)
fish魚(不可數),各種各樣的魚(可數)
比較下列例句:
There are nine rooms in the house.(房間,可數名詞)
There isnt enough room for us three in the car.(空間,不可數名詞)
不可數名詞的數量可以通過在其前面加單位詞來表示。
如:一塊肉a piece of meat
兩條長面包two loaves of bread
三件家具three articles of furniture
一大筆錢a large sum of money
可數名詞的復數形式
可數名詞有單數和復數兩種形式。名詞復數的構成如下:
1.一般情況下在名詞后加-s。如:girls,books。
★濁輔音、元音結尾,s發[z]
2.以s,x,ch,sh結尾的詞在名詞后加-es。如:glasses,boxes,matches,bushes。
★以s,x,ch,sh結尾,es發[iz]
3.“輔音字母+y”結尾的詞,變y為i再加-es。如:city-cities,country-countries。
4.以o結尾的詞多數加-es。如:heroes,tomatoes,potatoes。
radios,zoos,photos,pianos,kilos例外。
5.f,fe結尾的詞,多數變f,fe為v再加-es。如:thief-thieves,leaf-leaves,half-halves,life-lives,wife-wives,knife-knives。
少數名詞有不規則的復數形式。如:man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,child-children,mouse-mice。
★可數名詞復數一般情況下考不規則復數形式。
個別名詞的單數和復數的形式是一樣的。如Chineses,Japanese,sheep,deer。
名詞的所有格
名詞的所有格表示所屬關系,起形容詞的作用。
當名詞表示有生命的東西時,所有格一般是在詞尾加s。
如:Jeans room,my daughter-in-laws friends,my daughters-in-laws friends,childrens books。
如果名詞已經有了復數詞尾s,則只需加。如:the teachers books,my parents car。
時間名詞的所有格在后面加s,復數加。如:todays newspaper,five minutes walk。
當名詞表示無生命的東西時,所有格常由“of”短語構成。
如:the top of the world,the cover of the book,Chinas capital。
加s或的名詞所有格可以表示店鋪或某人的家。
如:the grocers,the tailors,the Smiths。
★名詞所有格考試常見部分是
名詞表示沒有生命的東西時,不能直接在其后加s。
時間名詞所有格在其后加s,或復數名詞后直接加。
名詞在句子中的作用:名詞在句子中可以作主語、賓語、賓語補足語、表語、定語,有時可以作狀語。
名詞、代詞或其他結構作主語時,謂語動詞在人稱和數上必須與主語保持一致。
1.主語是可數名詞單數時,謂語動詞用單數形式;主語是復數時,謂語動詞用復數形式。
All roads lead to Rome。(條條大路通羅馬。)
His brother is an industrial engineer。
The number of the students attending the party is increasing。
★the number of表示數量,無論后面名詞是復數還是單數,謂語動詞是單數形式。
Two-thirds of the shop belongs to me。
★two-thirds三分之二
幾分之幾作主語,謂語是單數形式。
belong to屬于某人
Both of us are studying English。
★總結:在名詞作主語時,the number of謂語動詞單數形式;
幾分之幾,謂語單數形式;
both謂語使用復數形式。
2、主語是不可數名詞、不定式或動名詞詞組、從句時,謂語動詞用單數形式。
All the money he received was given to his mother。
Forgetting the past means betrayal。
What we are talking now is useless。
3.主語部分若有as well as,with,together with,like,but,except等短語,謂語動詞的單、復數與短語前面的名詞一致。
Mary,as well as her two sisters,is a student of this school。
(as well as her two sisters作主語Mary的主語補足語,主語Mary是單數,所以謂語動詞用復數形式)
No one except my friends knows anything about it。
4.表示時間、距離、重量、價值等的復數名詞作主語時,如果當作整體看待,謂語動詞用單數形式。“…+(×)…=…”算式中的謂語動詞也用單數形式。
Three times two is six。
Three kilometers is 3,ooo metres.(three kilometers作為整體來看)
5.Either,neither作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。
Neither of us has been to Italy。
Has either of them been to Shanghai?
none代表可數的人或東西時,謂語動詞可以用單數也可以用復數,代表不可數的東西時,謂語動詞用單數形式。
None of the students have/has seen the film。
None of the money belongs to me。
6.主語由either…or,neither…nor,not only…but also連接時,謂語形式由最鄰近的主語決定。
Not only you but also I am wrong。
Neither my aunt nor I am going out this afternoon。
Either you or she is to do the work。
7.主語中有and,如果表示單一概念,謂語動詞用單數。
The bread and butter is nice。
8.主語前有many a,more than one修飾時,謂語動詞用單數形式。
Many a book has been read by the students。
★many a book=many books
More than one person has been to the Great Wall。
9.集合名詞作主語,當作整體看待時,謂語動詞用單數形式,當作每個獨立的個體看待時,謂語動詞用復數。
The committee meets once a year.(作為整體)
The committee are having a meeting now.(作為獨立個體)
People,police作主語時,謂語動詞用復數形式。
The police have come to arrest him。
不定冠詞的基本用法
1.表示“一”的含義。
Give me a pen please。
We go shopping twice a week。
2.泛指某個人或東西。
Yesterday we visited an English secondary school。
She picked up a magazine and began to read。
3.表示一類人或東西。
He works as a language teacher in that university。
As a writer,he is successful。
Even a child can answer this question。
可數名詞單數出現,泛指用不定冠詞,特指用定冠詞。一個可數名詞的單數不能自己單獨出現
定冠詞的基本用法
1.表示特定的人或東西。
Give me the magazine。
Have you decided on the prices yet?
The book on the table is an English dictionary。
Beijing is the capital of China。
2.復述前文提到的人或東西。
Last week,I saw a flim.The film is about a love story between two middle-aged people。
The old man saw a house in the field.He went into the house and found a beautiful girl sitting there and singing。
3.用于形容詞前面,代表一類人或東西。
the poor窮人the rich富人the wounded受傷的人
the sick生病的人the beautiful美麗的事物the old老年人
the young年青人
4.用于表示世界上獨一無二的東西的名詞前面。
the moon,the sun,the earth
The moon moves aroud the earth。
We have friends all over the world。
Dont build castles in the air。
5.用于序數詞、方位名詞、形容詞與副詞的最高級前面,副詞最高級前面的the可以省略。
January is the first month of the year。
The sun rises in the east。
Japan lies to the east of China。
Beijing lies in the north of China。
Ireland lies on the Great Britain。
At the Childrens Palace,some children learn to play the piano,others learn to play the violin。
Last week we went to the theatre。
Among the three girls she speaks English the best。
“東、南、西、北”作副詞時,前面不加冠詞。
We are walking south。
形容詞最高級前若有物主代詞,就不加定冠詞。
Monday is my busiest day。
6.用于姓氏的復數形式前,表示一家人或夫婦倆。
The Lius have moved to Guangzhou。
The Simths came to China for visit in 1996.
7.不可數名詞前面通常不加定冠詞,但若有限制性定語修飾,或表示特定部分、特定內容時,前面需加定冠詞。
Drink some water。
Is the water in the well fit for drink?
What do you think of the music?
He cant take the advice his mother gives him。
absent from不在,缺席abundant in富于
alien to與……相反angry with sb at/about sth生氣,憤怒
anxious about/for憂慮,擔心appropriate for/to適當,合適
applicable to適用于apt at聰明,善于
apt to易于ashamed of羞愧,害臊
approximate to近擬,接近aware of意識到
abailable to sb for sth可用,可供bare of幾乎沒有,缺乏
bound for開往……capable of能夠
careful of/about/with;小心,注意certain of/about確信,肯定
about/in doing characteristic of特有,獨特
clear of沒有,不接觸clever at善于
close to接近,親近comparable to/with可比較
conscious of察覺到,意識到consequent on隨之而來
considerate towards體諒,體貼contemporary with與……同時代
content with滿足于contrary to違反
counter to與……相反crazy about熱衷,著迷
critical of挑剔,批評curious about好奇,想知道
distinct from種類(風格)不同doubtful of/about懷疑
east of在……東面equal to相等,勝任
equivalent to等于,相當于essential to/for必不可少
expert at/in/on善于faithful to忠實于
familiar to sb為……所熟悉familiar with sth熟悉,通曉
fatal to致命的favourable to支持,贊成
favourable for有幫助的fearful of懼怕
fit for適于foreign to非……所原有
fond of喜歡free of/from未受……;免費
free with康慨,大方guilty of有……罪的
hungry for渴望ignorant of不知道
impatient at sth.不耐煩impatient of無法容忍
with sb independent of不受……支配
impatient for急切,渴望indifferent to無興趣,不關心
indignant with sb.憤慨inferior to級別低于,不如
ab/about sth innocent of無……罪,無辜
intent on專心于invisible to不可見的jealous of嫉妒keep on愛好,很喜歡
liable for對……有責任liable to易于
loyal to忠于mad at/with sb.生氣,憤怒mad with因……發狂next to下一個,其次
necessary to/for必要的opposite to在對面
open to不限制,開放的particular about挑剔,講究
arallel to與……平等,類似peculiar to獨特的,獨有的
atient with有耐心prior to在……之前
opular with受……喜愛,愛戴representative of代表……的
relative to與……有關rich in富于
responsible for負責,是……原因sensitive to對……敏感
sensible of覺查到sick of厭惡,厭倦
short of缺少skilled at/in善于
similar to相似sufficient for足夠的
subject to受制于,易于superior to優于,級別高于
suitable for/to適合于suspicious of懷疑
sure of/about對……有信心,確信typical of是典型的,特有的
tired of對……不在感興趣votal to對……關系重大
uncertain of/about不確知mad about/on狂熱迷戀
void of沒有,缺乏
這里用to man而不用by.即當單數又無冠詞的man和known搭配時,表示人類不用by.
this,that,tomorrow,yesterday,next,last,one
接年、月、季、星期、周,介詞省略已習慣
例;一天one day(不說on one day)
one summer在一個夏天
one year一年
Iast nieht昨天夜里
last Friday上個星期五
last month上月
last year去年
yesterday afternoon昨天下午
tomorrow afternoon明天下午
tomorrow evening明天晚上
next month下個月
next week下周
next year明年
next Saturday下星期六
Nobody was late except me.
除我以外,沒人遲到。
同類比較except,加for異類記心間。
He's composition is good,except for some spelling mistakes.
他的這篇作文寫得很好,只是有幾處拼寫錯誤。(非同類比較用except for)
She was all alone in the world except for an old aunt.
除了有一個老姑媽,她別無親人。
Anna felt disappointed when she found out they had gone swimming without her.(without=except)
當安娜發現除她外,他們都去游泳了,她感到很失望。
Lion Head Hill is not worth seeing except for its old temples.
除了那些古寺以外,獅頭山沒什么可看的。
Among other things,we are interested in drawing.
我們對圖畫和別的一些東西很感興趣。(among之內即包括在內)
原狀because of,owing to,due to表語形容詞
例:Owing to our joint efforts,the task was fulfilled ahead of schedule.
由于我們的共同努力,任務提前完成了。
注:Owing to和because of都做原因狀語,而due to只能做表語形容詞。所以此句。owing to的介詞短語做原因狀語。
AII our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party.
我們的一切成績都歸功于黨。(due to做表語形容詞)
under后接修、建中,of,from物化分
例:The road is under repair now.
這條路正在修建中。
高頻句型:
1.Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price,which they cannot afford it.
那些城市的規劃者們如果忽視這一點,將會付出他們無法承受的代價。
2.There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city.This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.
農民進城打工正成為增長的趨勢,這一問題在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍關注。
3.An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.
一項調查顯示許多民工認為在城市打工不僅有較高的收入,而且能學到一些新技術。
4.It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.
必須指出,農業的發展似乎趕不上農村人口的增加,并且仍有成千上萬的農民過著缺衣挨餓的貧寒生活。
5.Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities,they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.
盡管民工對城市的經濟發展做出了巨大貢獻,然而他們也不可避免的帶來了一些負面影響。
6.Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order;that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs;and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.
許多社會學家指出民工正給人口控制和社會治安帶來壓力。他們正在威脅著本已蕭條的工作市場,他們惡化了交通和公共衛生狀況。
7.It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside.They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants'lives.They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences,information and knowledge with peasants,which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.
建議政府應該努力減少正在拉大的城鄉差距。應該劃撥適當的資金提高農民的生活水平;應該邀請農業專家向農民介紹他們的經驗,知識和信息,這些將有助于發展農村經濟。
8.In conclusion,we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants'lives.Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.
總之,我們應理智考慮這一問題,重視農民的生活。任何政府忽視這一點都將付出巨大的代價。
9 Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life,parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people,including teachers and experts in education,should pay considerable attention to this problem.
盡管來自高校和研究院的許多專家堅持認為這是獨立生活不可避免的一部分,然而越來越多的家長開始意識到包括教師和教育專家在內的人們應該認真對待這一問題。
10.As for me,it is essential to know,at first,what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.
我認為,首先應看看學生們在校園可能遇到哪些問題
關鍵句型:
1、It作先行主語和先行賓語的一些句型
She had said what it was necessary to say.
2、強調句型
It is not who rules us that is important,but how he rules us.
3、“All+抽象名詞”或“抽象名詞+itself”(very+形容詞)
He was all gentleness to her.
4、利用詞匯重復表示強調
A crime is a crime a crime.
5、“something(much)of”和“nothing(little)of”“something of”相當于“to some extent”,表示程度。在疑問句或條件從句中,則為“anything of”,可譯為“有點”,“略微”等。譯為“毫無”,“全無”。much of譯為“大有”,not much of可譯為“算不上”,“稱不上”,little of可譯為“幾乎無”,something like譯為“有點像,略似”。
They say that he had no university education,but he seems to be something of a scholar.
6、同格名詞修飾是指of前后的兩個名詞都指同一個人或物,“of”以及它前面的名詞構成一個形容詞短語,以修飾“of”后面的那個名詞。如“her old sharper of a father”,可譯為:“她那騙子般的父親”。
Those pigs of girls eat so much.
7、as…as…can(may)be
It is as plain as plain can be.
8、“It is in(with)…as in(with)”
It is in life as in a journey.
9、“as good as…”相等于,就像,幾乎如;實際上,其實,實在。
The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy,that he would adopt him.
10、“many as well…as”和“might as well…as”“many as well…as”可譯為“與其……,不如……,更好”,“以這樣做……為宜”,“如同……,也可以……”等等。“might as well…as”表示不可能的事,可譯為“猶如……”,“可與……一樣荒唐”,“與其那樣不如這樣的好”等等。
One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.
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